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打开中国市场的大门:中国政府积极鼓励外国贷款方在中国投资,不过障碍依然存在

William HoffmanbyWilliam Hoffman
June 29, 2018
in Archives
Reading Time: 1 min read
0
Houhai Lake, Beijing | © Can Stock Photo / billperry

在美国,对金融机构进行监管存在一定的难度,但是与中国的融资租赁行业相比,那则是小巫见大巫。

非银行金融公司以及他们的股权投资者,必须获得中国银行业监督管理委员会(银监会)批准。如果未经监管部门批准,相关公司便不可以扩建分支机构,也不可更改名称、业务范围、股权结构或行政领导人员。并且任何贷款均不可超过借款人净资本的15%。如果相关企业违反了这些规则或者银监会制定的其他40条规定中的任何一条,政府便有权要求其暂停运营,并且若其违规行为被认为会造成消费者信贷危机,则政府将会对其进行接管。对于专属及存管银行机构来说,则需要遵守更多规则要求。

可以肯定的是,要在监管环境中找准方向是非常具有挑战性的,但中国政府正在采取措施放宽限制,并向汽车金融领域的国外投资者打开市场。

4月9日,习近平主席就中国在扩大改革和开放市场方面所做出的努力发表了讲话。两天后,中国人民银行行长易纲详细阐述了未来几个月这些改革措施将如何在金融领域发挥作用。他宣布了中国人民银行将在今年实施的12项举措,包括计划“鼓励在信托、金融租赁、汽车金融、货币经济、消费金融等银行业金融领域引入外资。”

President of China, Xi Jinping (Photo by Foreign and Commonwealth Office via Flickr)

来自德勤中国的总监Kelly Zhou认为,这一政策将为该领域带来更多投资者,但是这些变化对于中国国内的汽车租赁贷款方来说,具体意味着什么,还不得而知。现在,贷款方还需要继续观望。

来自J.D. Power 中国分公司的薛珉(Winston Xue)对《汽车金融新闻》说:“我觉得这在现阶段没有任何实际意义。”

ZoZo Go咨询公司总裁Michael Dunne说:中国“大型”的国有银行在该行业中仍然拥有巨大的掌控力,这一趋势短期内不会发生变化。

之前曾担任通用汽车公司马来西亚公司负责人及J.D. Power 中国分公司董事的Dunne说道:“自从21世纪初期,融资成为独有的行业特征以来,外国公司就一直在试图打开中国的汽车市场。”“所以即使中国要‘开放市场,欢迎’外国投资,想要取得成功所需面对的障碍仍然很严峻。作为进入这一市场的代价,外国公司可能需要面对连续五年或更长时间的亏损状况。“

 

此外,中国政府宣布将逐步取消必须与中国制造商建立合作关系的原始设备制造商限制。目前,外国汽车制造商如果想在中国进行运营,必须要与当地公司组建合资比例为50%的合资公司。不过,从今年开始,电子汽车制造商将无需再遵循这些要求。到2020年,商用车制造商也无需再遵守该要求,之后范围更广的消费型内燃机原始设备制造商将于2022年步入此列。

然而,这些公司(如戴姆勒、宝马和大众 )的许多财务分支仍然为合资结构。Ziyou说,中国的25家汽车贷款公司中,有15家为外资投资。福特汽车金融(中国)有限公司就是其中一家,它是全资实体,而不是一个合资企业。

毕马威中国合伙人林伟表示,开放中国汽车金融市场的举措“总体上看较为乐观”,尚未进入该市场的企业(如特斯拉)可能会被100%的销售利润前景吸引而来。但是他不确定已经处在这些合资企业中的制造商是否会希望脱身而出。

根据路透社的报道,福特汽车公司作为一家制造商企业,正在进一步推动和深化其与长安汽车集团和江铃汽车集团长达20年的合作关系。福特亚太区业务负责人Peter Fleet在报道中表示,在3月份销售额同比降低23%后,该公司正在筹备一场新产品闪电战以及推动中国本土化管理的活动。

GAC Motor’s at the 2017 Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition (PRNewsfoto/GAC Motor)

尽管必须建立合资企业的要求即将解除,但原始设备制造商其实还是非常依赖这种形式。例如,丰田汽车公司5月份宣布,将帮助生产并在其中国展销厅销售广汽汽车,以满足政府对截至2019年,汽车制造商10%的产品都将由电动汽车组成的要求。

林伟说,与美国购车者一样,中国消费者对电动汽车也有一定的疑虑:电池随着时间的推移而老化,以及一次充电可使用的范围。最后,薛珉表示,对合资企业结构要求的调整对专属融资机构的影响很小。他说,原始设备制造商是否会退出这些协议是“每个汽车制造商都需要做出的商业决定。”

根据AFN获取到的新报告来看,由于监管力度有所松弛等原因,二手车融资领域人气也开始趋高。毕马威预计这一趋势将不断持续。2016年,国务院取消了中国各省的汽车交易限制。不过,中国汽车流通协会副秘书长罗磊在去年的一次新闻采访中表示,这一过程发展较为缓慢。

罗磊在报道中称,在开放限制的七个省份中,其的二手车销量增长率都在两位数以上,显著高于仍存在限制的省份。未来这些跨省份的二手车销售将支持剩余残值,而“车辆电子信息档案系统则将提高信息的透明度,”毕马威报告中指出。

二手车销售的增长也体现在通过投资再营销能力的公司身上。中国的电子商务公司大搜车收购了经销商至经销商拍卖平台车易拍,以加速创建一个包含车辆估价的二手车交易平台,帮助解决中国二手车市场上的一些问题。大搜车创始人兼首席执行官姚军红在一次新闻发布会上这样说道。

根据Ipsos的数据显示,2017年前11个月,中国二手车销量猛增20%,达到1,100万辆,到2021年,该销售额预计将翻一番,达到2,100万。与此同时,毕马威指出,随着越来越多的原始设备制造商进入竞争市场,并对市场份额开始“激烈竞争”,新车销售速度将会放缓。许多这类制造商可能会转向租赁业务,以提高新的销售额。

© Can Stock Photo / labamba

中华人民共和国国务院和商务部通过放宽许可、融资、风险控制和监督等方面的限制,力求推动租赁业的发展。根据2017年毕马威和RVI的一项联合研究显示,2016年共产生了约60万份租约,渗透率相当于2.5%。然而,这些“租赁”中有95%以上与美国汽车贷款机构所认为的标准汽车贷款类似,毕马威将其称其为租赁贷款。以此考量,则有效租赁渗透率则低于0.1%。

尽管如此,报告称,这些租赁贷款产品仍随时可能增长,因为消费者可以使用它来购买残值显著低于二手车市场价值的车辆,因为首付款较低,所以无论消费者的信用历史如何,都可以轻松实施。

但是,由于消费者必须在贷款期末购买汽车,因此它们的灵活性低于典型的的美国汽车租赁。毕马威估计,2018年将会有接近100万的此类租赁贷款产品发行,到2026年这一数字将达到800万,渗透率为23%。J.D. Power的薛珉说,尽管如此,中国市场的所有这些发展并不会妨碍它成为范围更广的全球经济中的一部分。

他说:“目前中国贷款方面临的最大挑战是二手车估值和高利率”。“在涉及到车辆价值和与购买相关的利率时,中国的消费者与世界其他地方的消费者所考虑的东西是一样的。”

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